Speculative Reflection On The Future Of The Discovery Of Minimal Supersymmetic Standard Model Particles And An Analysis Of The Philosophical Ramifications Of A Validated MSSM Theoretical Frame Work On The Future Of Any Manned Interstellar And/Or Intergalactic Space Travel. Version 1

Note that every particle known has a wave function and can in theory be described as a wave or a particle, but not both simultaneously. The wave function of such particles obeys the Schrödinger Equation in the non-relativistic limit and the equations of relativistic quantum field theory in the relativistic limit.

 

All known and theoretical particles, at least the ones that are plausible, have either odd integer multiples of  1/2  unit of quantum spin or  even integer multiples of  1/2  unit of  quantum spin. The former particles are referred to as fermions while the latter particles are referred to as bosons.

 

There are three known generations of quarks composed of a total of 6 flavors of quarks. 1) The up quark and the down quark; 2) The charmed quark and the strange quark; 3) The top quark and the bottom quark.

There are 3 families of leptons comprising a total of 6 leptons. 1) The electron and the electron neutrino; 2) The muon and the muon neutrino; 3) The tauon and the tauon neutrino.

Each of the above particles comes in an antimatter version thus resulting in a total of 24 fermions.

The bosons are the photon, the 8 different types of gluons which mediate the strong force, the W+, W-, a Zo  bosons which mediate the weak force, the still theoretical graviton as the mediator of the force of gravity, and the still theoretical Higgs Boson as the quanta of the field responsible for the origin of mass generation. Thus, there are at least 14 Bosons resulting in a total of 38 particles, 24 fermions and 14 bosons.

The theoretical bosonic  super symmetric counterparts to the normal mattergy fermions are sought after such as the sleptons and the squarks. The sleptons include a bosonic particle counterpart to the electron, muon, and tau particle as well as that of the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and the tau neutrino. The squarks include a boson for each of the six known quarks: the; up, down, strange, charmed, top, and bottom quarks.

 

Note that each super symmetric fermion would in theory come in an antimatter version so that there would exist antiphotinos, antigravitinos, antigluinos, antihiggsinos, and the antimatter versions of the weak force super symmetric fermionic particles called winos.

 

Other theoretical particles include the graviscalar with a spin of zero and the graviphoton with a spin of one.

 

In addition, there is the  possible existence of the axion which would interact with gravity and electromagnetism and would have zero charge and zero spin. The axion is a theoretical pseudoscalar particle introduced in Peccei-Quinn theory to solve the strong-CP problem.

 

The existence of the axino is proposed as a solution to the strong CP problem. A proposed super symmetric partner to the  axino is the saxino. The saxino has, in theory, a spin of zero.

 

The Branon is predicted by brane world models in which higher dimensional analogues of membranes would exist in the form of topological defects in space time.

 

The X and Y bosons are predicted by GUT   theories to have a mass of about 10 EXP15 GeV/[c EXP 2] and an electrical charge of + 4/3 e and + 1/3 e respectively and a spin of 1.

 

The W’ and the Z’ bosons would each have a spin of 1. The W’ Boson would have a charge of – e and would interact electro weakly. The Z’ would also interact electro weakly but would have zero electrical charge.

 

The magnetic photon is predicted in extensions to electromagnetism which also predict the existence of the magnetic monopole, a magnetic field charge analogue to the unipolar electron.

 

The Majoron is predicted as the result of the mass see-saw model of neutrinos by which neutrinos can oscillate between flavors, a consequence of neutrino mass. Both the charge and the spin of the Majoron are theoretically equal to 0.

 

Mirror matter particles would include a mirror particle for every one of the known particles. Each of the known particles respect rotation and translation spatial symmetries but not so of  the third spatial symmetry of mirror reflection. Mirror matter particles, also referred to as shadow matter, could in theory form stars, planets, ETI beings, in fact all of the structure types we observe for normal matter particles. Mirror matter particles, however, would interact very weakly with normal matter. However, the mirror mattergy would interact gravitationally with ordinary matter.

 

Tachyons are particles that would have imaginary mass and always travel faster than the speed of light. Here the word imaginary refers to the (-1) EXP (1/2) meaning of the word.

 

Preons are proposed particles as the constituents of the leptons and the quarks. There as yet is no experimental evidence for preons. The preons would be fundamental particles which would combine in various ways to produce the known massive particles and would be fewer in number than the known fermionic particles.

 

Kaluza-Klein towers are particles predicted by certain models of higher dimensional space.

 

Leptoquarks would be particles with characteristics of both leptons and quarks. Photoneutrinos would be particles with characteristics of both photons and neutrinos.

 

There are other proposed fundamental particles, and the set of these additional particles as well as the proposed particles briefly described above are in some theories not necessarily consistent. Some additional particles are briefly described below.

 

Another taxonomic term for  candidates for yet to be discovered particles are those called the WIMPS or Weakly Interacting Massive Particles. The neutralino and the axion are candidates for such cold dark matter particles. Wimps as Cold Dark Matter candidates would only interact weakly and gravitationally and not electromagnetically and neither through the strong nuclear force. Wimps are predicted by R-parity conserving super-symmetry. It has even been suggested that the photon, for instance comes in two varieties; the photon and the antiphoton. Traditional quantum-electro-dynamicists would assert that the photon is its own antiparticle and so would  not hold to the notion that an antiphoton could exists that is as distinct from a photon as say a positron is from an electron.

The pomeron is a family of particles with increasing spin that were proposed in 1961 to explain the slowly increasing cross-sections for scattering of hadrons in collision experiments.

The Skyrmion was used as a mathematical model in the modeling of baryons by  Tony Skyrme.

Goldstone Bosons appear in theories of spontaneous symmetry breaking and are apart of the subjects of particle physics and condensed matter physics. Some super-symmetry theories include include Goldstinos which are Goldstone fermions. The Sgoldstinos are the super-symmetric bosonic counterparts to the Goldstinos.

In condensed matter physics, the quantum of acoustic energy is a Goldstone Boson referred to as the phonon. Phonons in fluids are longitudinally oriented whereas is solids, phonons can be longitudinal or transverse in orientation. Magons are local magnetic spin waves that occur within magnetic materials. Many other forms of quasi-particles exist.

Dyons are hypothetical particles with both a magnetic charge and an electrical charge and are predicted by some GUT theories. Dyons are proposed in certain 4 dimensional theories.

Geons are theoretical particles that result from the self confinement of a gravitational energy wave and electromagnetic energy wave by the wave’s own self gravitation.

One can imagine or lexicographically define a question as to whether or not nuclear force waves or gluon waves as well as weak force waves or W+, W-, or Zo waves could have a high enough energy so as to form a strong nuclear force or weak nuclear force equivalent to Geons. One can also speculate as to whether neutrinos as well as the super-symmetric field bosons could have a high enough energy on the level of an individual mattergy wave such that the neutrinos, sleptons, and squarks could form analogues to geons.

Inflatons are theoretical particles that may have driven the inflation of our universe from a period of about 10 EXP -35 second after the big bang to about 10 EXP -34 second after the big bang during which the visible portion of our universe expanded from a size of about 10 EXP – 50 meter to about one meter. This translated into a superluminal space time expansion of about (10 EXP 34.5 C)/[3 X 10 EXP   8]  or 10 EXP 26.5 C.  Inflation was theoretically driven by the inflaton field tunneling to a lower energy state as a result of random quantum fluctuations within the inflaton field that triggered a phase charge within the field. The energy released by the phase change is what seems to have driven inflation according to many versions of inflationary big bang theory.

Now what is the point of the above digression on a taxonomic description of the world of particles? Perhaps a reasonable answer is that the existence of potentially so many particles suggest that there is something more fundamental about nature that underwrites the existence of all of the above observed and still theoretical particles. Given that all of the above particles may exist within our Big Bang, and perhaps any multiverse to which our universe belongs, we are left wondering what is the common thread that unites all of these particles, and all of the associated fields.

 

String theory and the theory of branes as in membranes ranging in dimensionality from one dimension to an infinite number of dimensions have been developed in an attempt to answer the above questions. In string theory, fundamental particles exist in the forms of 1 dimensional loops or broken strings that lie in 10 dimensional space time or 11 dimensional space time, depending on the particular theory, or 26 dimensional space time in the older bosonic forms of string theory. The theory of branes attempts to generalize the topological artifacts of the one dimensional strings in string theory, to higher dimensional analogues such as 2 dimensional membranes, 3 dimensional membranes, 4 dimensional membrane, and so on. Your get the picture.

Now we, as space heads (enthusiasts and advocates of human space flight especially interstellar manned space flight), are familiar with concepts of solar energy collection, interstellar ramjets which would collect hydrogen fuel in route to process in nuclear rocket type ramjet engines, and other standard model particle matter or energy forms of ambient mattergy capture, but what about energy forms such as some or all of the still theoretical or conjectured mattergy particles classified above.

It seems that we may happen upon a particle zoo again in a manner reminiscent of that which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s via accelerator experiments and cosmic ray detection experiments.. Given the large number of additional potential bosonic fields and particle types predicted by super symmetry theories, we possibly have at our disposal, the super symmetric mattergy bosonic fields, as well as fermionic matter fields composed of super symmetric fermions.

As mentioned above, as far as super symmetric bosonic mattergy fields are concerned, we have the sleptonic fields, the squark fields, the sneutrinos fields. It is important to note that by fields, I am merely referring to the notion of a region of space time occupied by these particles. The word field here can also be loosely interpreted to mean fermionic fields as well. For instance, we might refer to a field of electrical charge such as a field of real electrons as distinct from an electric field.  

Now with the standard model, we might state that we have 8 classes of fields of mattergy although we would say that there exists only 4 forces, the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the force of gravity. These 8 taxonomic classes include the photonic fields, the weak force boson fields, the gluonic fields, the gravitational field, the Higgs field, the quark fields, the charged lepton fields and the neutrino fields.

With super symmetry, or the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, we have the following bosonic fields as taxonomic classes; The squarks, selectrons, and the snuetrinos. We have the following fermionic fields as taxonomic classes; The photino, the gluinos, the winos, the gravatino, and the Higgsino. Thus we have 8 more taxonomic classes, for a total of 16 taxonomic classes.

In the MSSM, there exist a partner of each standard model particle effectively doubling the number of particles over the Standard Model. But we also have 8 additional taxonomic classes of fields. My intuition tells me that with a total of 16 taxonomic classes of fields, there has got to be some novel physics that can be applied technologically perhaps most importantly, for future energy production and space travel for an interstellar space faring human race: a situation that will likely, in my own opinion, be realized if not later this century, then sometime during the following century.

Since baryonic matter seems to make up only about 1/6 of the matter of the universe, and only about 4 percent or 1/25 of the total mass energy content of the universe when the proposed dark energy that seems to be accelerating the rate of the expansion of the universe is taken into account, if we only focused our attention on baryonic mattergy and Standard Model Mattergy physics based interstellar propulsion mechanisms as possibilities, we would very likely be selling ourselves short. After all, baryonic Standard Model mattergy seems to represent only 1/6 of the real mattergy content of the universe.

Since we assume that nature, or at least our universe is a unity, we should be willing to consider that there might exist (2 EXP 16) – 1  subsets or possible unifying aspects or principles that might be brought to bear on the subject of interstellar propulsion and technological infrastructure. This is 65,525 aspects.

With the 4 known forces, we have (2 EXP 4) – 1 subsets as follows: 1) electromagnetic, 2) strong force, 3) weak force, 4) gravitational force,  5) electro-weak, 6) electro-strong, 7) electro-gravatic,   8)   weak-strong, 9) weak-gravatic, 10) strong-gravatic, 11) electro-weak-strong, 12) electro-weak- gravatic, 13) electro-strong-gravatic, 14) weak-strong-gravatic, 15) electro-weak-strong-gravatic.

Although the counting of the total number of MSSM particles doubles the known 38 fundamental particles to a total of 76 fundamental particles in some schemes, the counting is not consistent. However, if we assume that the total number of particles is equal to 76, we might have a total of (2 EXP 76) – 1 unifications or taxonomic unification based classed relations in the form of subsets or analogues to the 15 classes described above. (2 EXP 76) – 1 ~ 2 EXP 76 =  7.555786373 x 10 EXP 22 according to the 15 dollar CASIO fx -  115 ES solar cell powered calculator on which I ran the math.

Now what I am about to propose is extremely simple to state, but perhaps very, very deep. Take the set of all subsets for sets containing n elements. The number of subsets is equal to 2 EXP n, and not (2 EXP n) – 1. The empty set is the last remaining set to be counted.

Now what I am proposing is that the empty set, is a proxy for new physics, new realities, new creations, new beings, new objects, and/or new relations, within the set of arbitrary taxonomic classes of created realities. In fact, the empty set can be a proxy for the concept that  the number of relations between objects in the form of subsets of such objects includes the empty set which is a proxy for the notion that such sets of created objects, and their mutual inter-relations can never be complete. There are either additional objects, relations, and creations, that are decoupled from the current entire set or the entire set is not complete and indeed never can be complete. In short, more can always be created, presumably if not be nature, that by GOD and his providential rule over nature and HIS creative might that created all of nature, all of the cosmos, all of creation, both physical and non-physical realities, humans, animals, intelligent extra-terrestrials, intelligent ultra-terrestrials, angels, and any other beings or persons. In short, the empty set as a proxy might stand in for the fact, that GOD will never cease creation and perhaps that creation especially we humans, any ETIs, and UTIs, diss-embodied human souls after death, and angels, in each and every person as such will never stop growing or approaching the state of Pure Being or Pure Actuality, which is another way of Naming GOD. GOD in the Old Testament mysteriously refers to Himself as “I AM”, or “I AM THAT I AM”  or “YEHWEY”. However, GOD is a personal GOD with the perfection of personhood, or personality, in the reality of HIS TRIUNE NATURE as a HOLY TRINITY OF PERSONS. HIS IS truly superabundant and absolutely perfect as to HIS PERSONHOOD. Even though I have an artistic temperament, am an extrovert, and am generally a very sensitive person, the mere fact that I am huddled in by my self in the room in which I am typing this article tonight, shows that I could use some personality enhancement. Grins and Giggles! But, seriously, social engagement is very important and is the glue that binds us and permits social organizations, regardless of whether the organization is the military, the academic community, the movie industry,  or whatever.

However, before we take on our eternity of improvement in the afterlife, we have much work to do while on Earth and in exploring our physical universe. Regarding that solar powered calculator, we as a civilization have figured out how to design and build such a calculator using essentially only the photonic fields and the electron fields, of course within a medium that is composed of atoms which are composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons, except  hydrogen, wherein the protons are composed of 2 up quarks and a down quark with binding gluonic action, and the neutrons are composed of 2 down quarks and an up quark, once again with binding gluoinic action.

Look at all of the devices and technologies we have developed simply as a result of our knowledge of chemistry and applied electromagnetic theory or through the electromagnetic force that is mediated by the photon. Look at the astoundingly large set of chemical compounds we humans have designed and the far larger number that exists in nature in the form of different sequences of DNA and the like in humans, animals, plants, fungi, micro-organisms, and the like.

There are perhaps well over 100 known and predicted mesons and baryons, many for which experimental evidence is still being sought. We can only imagine the possibilities that the creation of other stable baryons would permit, such as stable strange-lets, stable charmed baryons, stable bottomed baryons, and perhaps even stable top baryons if such particles with topness can be produced, let alone stabilized. 

Even in the domain of atoms made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, we have not finished experimental augmentation of the periodic table not to mention the would be complete list of isotopes. It is generally believed that an island of stable super heavy elements exist somewhere around atomic numbers 120 to 140, and perhaps atomic mass of around 300 or more atomic mass units.

Just within the set of known elements, several thousand isotopes which are predicted to exist have not yet been observed experimentally, most of these of which are expected to be short lived. However, could there be new insights into the workings of quantum-chromo-dynamics (or the analogue of quantum-electro-dynamics where QCD is the domain of quarks and gluons in a quantum field theory sense). 

The Rare Isotope Collider being built within the United States will attempt to open a whole new window of observation on the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the study of QCD phenomena in general, by colliding highly relativistic beams of exotic known isotopes such as short lived radio-nuclides. This facility may open up new research venues that cannot be filled by the Large Hadron Collider when the LHC resumes operation after its repair from an accident that damaged the accelerator  during early start up trial phases last year.

The possibilities for our civilization seem limitless. Physics and cosmology are profoundly beautiful subjects. These subjects, for which our applied and theoretical knowledge will only improve, offers us perhaps numerous ways to travel among the stars, and perhaps at some future distant time, among the galaxies, in a mass Exodus of humanity ever further out into the cosmos. In short, I see a lot of fun in the future for we humans as we venture out into the mysterious realm of space and time, matter and energy. But we must take one step at a time, or a few steps simultaneously. Lobby your state senators, and representatives, and other responsible government parties, including Mr. President Obama himself, that we want to have a well funded, very robust manned space exploration program. In a sense, I am already doing such simply by being the owner and administrator of the website on which your are reading this article and on which you may have read some of the many articles I have posted on my website over the past couple of years,

I will quote the great visionary Martin Luther King  by saying myself that “I Have A Dream!” that humanity will live to see the day when we travel among the stars.

GOD BLESS;

Jim